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Textbook Of Medical Physiology 13Ed Ise

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Fisiología

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Formato Impreso
Acabado Tapa rústica
Año de publicación 2015
Editorial Elsevier Inglés
Autor HALL
Páginas 1168
ISBN 9781455770168
Edición 13ª Edición
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Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Unit I Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
Chapter 1 Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment”
Cells are the Living Units of the Body
Extracellular Fluid—the “Internal Environment”
Homeostasis—Maintenance of A Nearly Constant Internal Environment
Control Systems of the Body
Summary—Automaticity of the Body
Bibliography
Chapter 2 The Cell and Its Functions
Organization of the Cell
Physical Structure of the Cell
Comparison of the Animal Cell with Precellular Forms of Life
Functional Systems of the Cell
Locomotion of Cells
Bibliography
Chapter 3 Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction
Genes in the Cell Nucleus Control Protein Synthesis
The DNA Code in the Cell Nucleus is Transferred to RNA Code in the Cell Cytoplasm—The Process of Transcription
Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell
Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells
The DNA–Genetic System Controls Cell Reproduction
Cell Differentiation
Apoptosis—Programmed Cell Death
Cancer
Bibliography
Unit II Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle
Chapter 4 Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes
The Cell Membrane Consists of a Lipid Bilayer with Cell Membrane Transport Proteins
Diffusion
“Active Transport” of Substances Through Membranes
Bibliography
Chapter 5 Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials
Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials
Measuring the Membrane Potential
Resting Membrane Potential of Neurons
Neuron Action Potential
Propagation of the Action Potential
Re-Establishing Sodium and Potassium Ionic Gradients After Action Potentials are Completed—Importance of Energy Metabolism
Plateau in Some Action Potentials
Rhythmicity of Some Excitable Tissues—Repetitive Discharge
Special Characteristics of Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks
Bibliography
Chapter 6 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
Physiological Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
General Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
Energetics of Muscle Contraction
Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction
Bibliography
Chapter 7 Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Transmission of Impulses from Nerve Endings to Skeletal Muscle Fibers: the Neuromuscular Junction
Muscle Action Potential
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Bibliography
Chapter 8 Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle
Contraction of Smooth Muscle
Regulation of Contraction by Calcium Ions
Nervous and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction
Bibliography
Unit III The Heart
Chapter 9 Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves
Physiology of Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac Cycle
Regulation of Heart Pumping
Bibliography
Chapter 10 Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart
Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart
Control of Excitation and Conduction in the Heart
Bibliography
Chapter 11 The Normal Electrocardiogram
Characteristics of the Normal Electrocardiogram
Flow of Current Around the Heart During the Cardiac Cycle
Electrocardiographic Leads
Methods for Recording Electrocardiograms
Bibliography
Chapter 12 Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis
Principles of Vectorial Analysis of Electrocardiograms
Vectorial Analysis of the Normal Electrocardiogram
Mean Electrical Axis of the Ventricular QRS and Its Significance
Conditions that Cause Abnormal Voltages of the QRS Complex
Prolonged and Bizarre Patterns of the QRS Complex
Current of Injury
Abnormalities in the T Wave
Bibliography
Chapter 13 Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation
Abnormal Sinus Rhythms
Abnormal Rhythms that Result from Block of Heart Signals within the Intracardiac Conduction Pathways
Premature Contractions
Paroxysmal Tachycardia
Ventricular Fibrillation
Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial Flutter
Cardiac Arrest
Bibliography
Unit IV The Circulation
Chapter 14 Overview of the Circulation; Biophysics of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance
Physical Characteristics of the Circulation
Basic Principles of Circulatory Function
Interrelationships of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance
Bibliography
Chapter 15 Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems
Vascular Distensibility
Arterial Pressure Pulsations
Veins and Their Functions
Bibliography
Chapter 16 The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow
Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System
Flow of Blood in the Capillaries—Vasomotion
Exchange of Water, Nutrients, and Other Substances between the Blood and Interstitial Fluid
Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid
Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries is Determined by Hydrostatic and Colloid Osmotic Pressures and the Capillary Filtration Coefficient
Lymphatic System
Bibliography
Chapter 17 Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow
Local Control of Blood Flow in Response to Tissue Needs
Mechanisms of Blood Flow Control
Humoral Control of the Circulation
Bibliography
Chapter 18 Nervous Regulation of the Circulation and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure
Nervous Regulation of the Circulation
Special Features of Nervous Control of Arterial Pressure
Bibliography
Chapter 19 Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation
Renal–Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control
The Renin-Angiotensin System: Its Role in Arterial Pressure Control
Summary of the Integrated, Multifaceted System for Arterial Pressure Regulation
Bibliography
Chapter 20 Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and During Activity
Control of Cardiac Output by Venous Return—The Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart
Pathologically High or Low Cardiac Outputs
Methods for Measuring Cardiac Output
Bibliography
Chapter 21 Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease
Blood Flow Regulation in Skeletal Muscle at Rest and During Exercise
Coronary Circulation
Bibliography
Chapter 22 Cardiac Failure
Circulatory Dynamics in Cardiac Failure
Unilateral Left Heart Failure
Low-Output Cardiac Failure—Cardiogenic Shock
Edema in Patients with Cardiac Failure
Cardiac Reserve
Bibliography
Chapter 23 Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects
Heart Sounds
Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Valvular Heart Disease
Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Congenital Heart Defects
Use of Extracorporeal Circulation during Cardiac Surgery
Hypertrophy of the Heart in Valvular and Congenital Heart Disease
Bibliography
Chapter 24 Circulatory Shock and Its Treatment
Physiological Causes of Shock
Shock Caused by Hypovolemia—Hemorrhagic Shock
Neurogenic Shock—Increased Vascular Capacity
Anaphylactic Shock and Histamine Shock
Septic Shock
Physiology of Treatment in Shock
Circulatory Arrest
Bibliography
Unit V The Body Fluids and Kidneys
Chapter 25 The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema
Fluid Intake and Output are Balanced during Steady-State Conditions
Body Fluid Compartments
Constituents of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids
Measurement of Fluid Volumes in the Different Body Fluid Compartments—the Indicator-Dilution Principle
Determination of Volumes of Specific Body Fluid Compartments
Regulation of Fluid Exchange and Osmotic Equilibrium between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid
Volume and Osmolality of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids in Abnormal States
Glucose and Other Solutions Administered for Nutritive Purposes
Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
Edema: Excess Fluid in the Tissues
Fluids in the “Potential Spaces” of the Body
Bibliography
Chapter 26 The Urinary System: Functional Anatomy and Urine Formation by the Kidneys
Multiple Functions of the Kidneys
Physiological Anatomy of the Kidneys
Micturition
Urine Formation Results From Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion
Bibliography
Chapter 27 Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control
Glomerular Filtration—the First Step in Urine Formation
Determinants of the GFR
Renal Blood Flow
Physiological Control of Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow
Autoregulation of GFR and Renal Blood Flow
Bibliography
Chapter 28 Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
Tubular Reabsorption is Quantitatively Large and Highly Selective
Tubular Reabsorption Includes Passive and Active Mechanisms
Reabsorption and Secretion Along Different Parts of the Nephron
Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption
Use of Clearance Methods to Quantify Kidney Function
Bibliography
Chapter 29 Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
Kidneys Excrete Excess Water by Forming Dilute Urine
Kidneys Conserve Water by Excreting Concentrated Urine
Special Characteristics of the Loop of Henle That Cause Solutes to be Trapped in the Renal Medulla
Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
Osmoreceptor-ADH Feedback System
Importance of Thirst in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
Bibliography
Chapter 30 Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Potassium Concentration and Potassium Excretion
Control of Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration
Control of Renal Magnesium Excretion and Extracellular Magnesium Ion Concentration
Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Extracellular Fluid
Importance of Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis in Maintaining Body Sodium and Fluid Balance
Distribution of Extracellular Fluid between the Interstitial Spaces and Vascular System
Nervous and Hormonal Factors Increase the Effectiveness of Renal–Body Fluid Feedback Control
Integrated Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake
Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume
Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Extracellular Fluid Volume but with Normal Blood Volume
Bibliography
Chapter 31 Acid-Base Regulation
H+ Concentration is Precisely Regulated
Acids and Bases—Their Definitions and Meanings
Defending Against Changes in H+ Concentration: Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys
Buffering of H+ in the Body Fluids
Bicarbonate Buffer System
Phosphate Buffer System
Proteins are Important Intracellular Buffers
Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
Renal Control of Acid-Base Balance
Secretion of H+ and Reabsorption of HCO3− by the Renal Tubules
Combination of Excess H+ with Phosphate and Ammonia Buffers in the Tubule Generates “New” HCO3−
Quantifying Renal Acid-Base Excretion
Renal Correction of Acidosis—Increased Excretion of H+ and Addition of HCO3− to the Extracellular Fluid
Renal Correction of Alkalosis—Decreased Tubular Secretion of H+ and Increased Excretion of HCO3−
Clinical Causes of Acid-Base Disorders
Bibliography
Chapter 32 Diuretics, Kidney Diseases
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms of Action
Kidney Diseases
Acute Kidney Injury
Chronic Kidney Disease is Often Associated with Irreversible Loss of Functional Nephrons
Treatment of Renal Failure by Transplantation or by Dialysis With an Artificial Kidney
Bibliography
Unit VI Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Coagulation
Chapter 33 Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Anemias
Polycythemia
Bibliography
Chapter 34 Resistance of the Body to Infection: I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections
Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System)
Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages
Eosinophils
Basophils
Leukopenia
Leukemias
Bibliography
Chapter 35 Resistance of the Body to Infection: II. Immunity and Allergy
Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity
Allergy and Hypersensitivity
Bibliography
Chapter 36 Blood Types; Transfusion; Tissue and Organ Transplantation
Antigenicity Causes Immune Reactions of Blood
O-A-B Blood Types
Rh Blood Types
Transplantation of Tissues and Organs
Bibliography
Chapter 37 Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation
Hemostasis Events
Mechanism of Blood Coagulation
Conditions That Cause Excessive Bleeding in Humans
Thromboembolic Conditions
Anticoagulants for Clinical Use
Blood Coagulation Tests
Bibliography
Unit VII Respiration
Chapter 38 Pulmonary Ventilation
Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
Alveolar Ventilation
Functions of the Respiratory Passageways
Bibliography
Chapter 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Physiological Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulatory System
Pressures in the Pulmonary System
Blood Volume of the Lungs
Blood Flow Through the Lungs and Its Distribution
Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients in the Lungs on Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow
Pulmonary Capillary Dynamics
Fluid in the Pleural Cavity
Bibliography
Chapter 40 Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane
Physics of Gas Diffusion and Gas Partial Pressures
Compositions of Alveolar Air and Atmospheric Air are Different
Diffusion of Gases Through the Respiratory Membrane
Bibliography
Chapter 41 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids
Transport of Oxygen From the Lungs to the Body Tissues
Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
Respiratory Exchange Ratio
Bibliography
Chapter 42 Regulation of Respiration
Respiratory Center
Chemical Control of Respiration
Peripheral Chemoreceptor System for Control of Respiratory Activity—Role of Oxygen in Respiratory Control
Regulation of Respiration during Exercise
Other Factors That Affect Respiration
Bibliography
Chapter 43 Respiratory Insufficiency—Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy
Useful Methods for Studying Respiratory Abnormalities
Pathophysiology of Specific Pulmonary Abnormalities
Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy
Hypercapnia—Excess Carbon Dioxide in the Body Fluids
Artificial Respiration
Bibliography
Unit VIII Aviation, Space, and Deep–Sea Diving Physiology
Chapter 44 Aviation, High Altitude, and Space Physiology
Effects of Low Oxygen Pressure on the Body
Effects of Acceleratory Forces on the Body in Aviation and Space Physiology
“Artificial Climate” in the Sealed Spacecraft
Weightlessness in Space
Bibliography
Chapter 45 Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions
Effect of High Partial Pressures of Individual Gases on the Body
Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) Diving
Special Physiological Problems in Submarines
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
Bibliography
Unit IX The Nervous System: A. General Principles and Sensory Physiology
Chapter 46 Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters
General Design of the Nervous System
Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function
Comparison of the Nervous System to a Computer
Central Nervous System Synapses
Some Special Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission
Bibliography
Chapter 47 Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information
Types of Sensory Receptors and the Stimuli They Detect
Transduction of Sensory Stimuli Into Nerve Impulses
Transmission of Signals of Different Intensity in Nerve Tracts—Spatial and Temporal Summation
Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal Pools
Instability and Stability of Neuronal Circuits
Bibliography
Chapter 48 Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, the Tactile and Position Senses
Classification of Somatic Senses
Detection and Transmission of Tactile Sensations
Sensory Pathways for Transmitting Somatic Signals Into the Central Nervous System
Transmission in the Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal System
Transmission of Less Critical Sensory Signals in the Anterolateral Pathway
Some Special Aspects of Somatosensory Function
Bibliography
Chapter 49 Somatic Sensations: II. Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations
Types of Pain and Their Qualities—Fast Pain and Slow Pain
Pain Receptors and Their Stimulation
Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals Into the Central Nervous System
Pain Suppression (Analgesia) System in the Brain and Spinal Cord
Referred Pain
Visceral Pain
Some Clinical Abnormalities of Pain and Other Somatic Sensations
Headache
Thermal Sensations
Bibliography
Unit X The Nervous System: B. The Special Senses
Chapter 50 The Eye: I. Optics of Vision
Physical Principles of Optics
Optics of the Eye
Fluid System of the Eye—Intraocular Fluid
Bibliography
Chapter 51 The Eye: II. Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina
Anatomy and Function of the Structural Elements of the Retina
Photochemistry of Vision
Color Vision
Neural Function of the Retina
Bibliography
Chapter 52 The Eye: III. Central Neurophysiology of Vision
Visual Pathways
Organization and Function of the Visual Cortex
Neuronal Patterns of Stimulation during Analysis of the Visual Image
Eye Movements and Their Control
Autonomic Control of Accommodation and Pupillary Aperture
Bibliography
Chapter 53 The Sense of Hearing
Tympanic Membrane and the Ossicular System
Cochlea
Central Auditory Mechanisms
Hearing Abnormalities
Bibliography
Chapter 54 The Chemical Senses—Taste and Smell
Sense of Taste
Sense of Smell
Bibliography
Unit XI The Nervous System: C. Motor and Integrative Neurophysiology
Chapter 55 Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord; the Cord Reflexes
Organization of the Spinal Cord for Motor Functions
Muscle Sensory Receptors—Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs—and Their Roles in Muscle Control
Flexor Reflex and the Withdrawal Reflexes
Crossed Extensor Reflex
Reciprocal Inhibition and Reciprocal Innervation
Reflexes of Posture and Locomotion
Scratch Reflex
Spinal Cord Reflexes That Cause Muscle Spasm
Autonomic Reflexes in the Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord Transection and Spinal Shock
Bibliography
Chapter 56 Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function
Motor Cortex and Corticospinal Tract
Control of Motor Functions by the Brain Stem
Vestibular Sensations and Maintenance of Equilibrium
Functions of Brain Stem Nuclei in Controlling Subconscious, Stereotyped Movements
Bibliography
Chapter 57 Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control
The Cerebellum and Its Motor Functions
The Basal Ganglia and Their Motor Functions
Integration of the Many Parts of the Total Motor Control System
Bibliography
Chapter 58 Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory
Physiological Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex
Functions of Specific Cortical Areas
Function of the Brain in Communication—Language Input and Language Output
Function of the Corpus Callosum and Anterior Commissure to Transfer Thoughts, Memories, Training, and Other Information between the Two Cerebral Hemispheres
Thoughts, Consciousness, and Memory
Bibliography
Chapter 59 Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain—The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus
Activating—Driving Systems of the Brain
Limbic System
The Hypothalamus, a Major Control Headquarters for the Limbic System
Specific Functions of Other Parts of the Limbic System
Bibliography
Chapter 60 States of Brain Activity—Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia
Sleep
Brain Waves
Seizures and Epilepsy
Psychotic Behavior—Roles of Specific Neurotransmitter Systems
Alzheimer's Disease—Amyloid Plaques and Depressed Memory
Bibliography
Chapter 61 The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla
General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System
Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function
Autonomic Reflexes
Stimulation of Discrete Organs in Some Instances and Mass Stimulation in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems
Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System
Bibliography
Chapter 62 Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism
Cerebral Blood Flow
Cerebrospinal Fluid System
Brain Metabolism
Bibliography
Unit XII Gastrointestinal Physiology
Chapter 63 General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function—Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation
General Principles of Gastrointestinal Motility
Neural Control of Gastrointestinal Function—Enteric Nervous System
Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility
Functional Types of Movements in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Gastrointestinal Blood Flow—Splanchnic Circulation
Bibliography
Chapter 64 Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract
Ingestion of Food
Motor Functions of the Stomach
Movements of the Small Intestine
Movements of the Colon
Other Autonomic Reflexes That Affect Bowel Activity
Bibliography
Chapter 65 Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract
General Principles of Alimentary Tract Secretion
Secretion of Saliva
Esophageal Secretion
Gastric Secretion
Pancreatic Secretion
Bile Secretion by the Liver
Secretions of the Small Intestine
Secretion of Mucus by the Large Intestine
Bibliography
Chapter 66 Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Digestion of the Various Foods by Hydrolysis
Basic Principles of Gastrointestinal Absorption
Absorption in the Small Intestine
Absorption in the Large Intestine: Formation of Feces
Bibliography
Chapter 67 Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders
Disorders of Swallowing and the Esophagus
Disorders of the Stomach
Disorders of the Small Intestine
Disorders of the Large Intestine
General Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Bibliography
Unit XIII Metabolism and Temperature Regulation
Chapter 68 Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate
Release of Energy From Foods and “Free Energy”
Adenosine Triphosphate Is the “Energy Currency” of the Body
Central Role of Glucose in Carbohydrate Metabolism
Transport of Glucose Through the Cell Membrane
Glycogen Is Stored in the Liver and Muscle
Release of Energy From Glucose by the Glycolytic Pathway
Formation of Large Quantities of ATP by Oxidation of Hydrogen—The Process of Oxidative Phosphorylation
Summary of ATP Formation During the Breakdown of Glucose
Anaerobic Release of Energy—Anaerobic Glycolysis
Release of Energy From Glucose by the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Formation of Carbohydrates From Proteins and Fats—Gluconeogenesis
Bibliography
Chapter 69 Lipid Metabolism
Basic Chemical Structure of Triglycerides (Neutral Fat)
Transport of Lipids in the Body Fluids
Fat Deposits
Use of Triglycerides for Energy: Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate
Regulation of Energy Release From Triglycerides
Phospholipids and Cholesterol
Atherosclerosis
Bibliography
Chapter 70 Protein Metabolism
Basic Properties of Proteins
Transport and Storage of Amino Acids
Functional Roles of the Plasma Proteins
Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism
Bibliography
Chapter 71 The Liver as an Organ
Physiological Anatomy of the Liver
Hepatic Vascular and Lymph Systems
Metabolic Functions of the Liver
Protein Metabolism
Measurement of Bilirubin in the Bile as a Clinical Diagnostic Tool
Bibliography
Chapter 72 Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals
Energy Intake and Output are Balanced Under Steady-State Conditions
Dietary Balances
Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Storage
Obesity
Inanition, Anorexia, and Cachexia
Starvation
Vitamins
Mineral Metabolism
Bibliography
Chapter 73 Energetics and Metabolic Rate
Adenosine Triphosphate Functions as an “Energy Currency” in Metabolism
Control of Energy Release in the Cell
Metabolic Rate
Energy Metabolism—Factors That Influence Energy Output
Bibliography
Chapter 74 Body Temperature Regulation and Fever
Normal Body Temperatures
Body Temperature is Controlled by Balancing Heat Production and Heat Loss
Regulation of Body Temperature—Role of the Hypothalamus
Abnormalities of Body Temperature Regulation
Bibliography
Unit XIV Endocrinology and Reproduction
Chapter 75 Introduction to Endocrinology
Coordination of Body Functions by Chemical Messengers
Chemical Structure and Synthesis of Hormones
Hormone Secretion, Transport, and Clearance From the Blood
Mechanisms of Action of Hormones
Measurement of Hormone Concentrations in the Blood
Bibliography
Chapter 76 Pituitary Hormones and Their Control by the Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus Controls Pituitary Secretion
Physiological Functions of Growth Hormone
Posterior Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus
Bibliography
Chapter 77 Thyroid Metabolic Hormones
Synthesis and Secretion of the Thyroid Metabolic Hormones
Physiological Functions of the Thyroid Hormones
Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion
Diseases of the Thyroid
Bibliography
Chapter 78 Adrenocortical Hormones
Corticosteroids: Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Androgens
Synthesis and Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormones
Functions of the Mineralocorticoids—Aldosterone
Functions of Glucocorticoids
Adrenal Androgens
Abnormalities of Adrenocortical Secretion
Bibliography
Chapter 79 Insulin, Glucagon, and Diabetes Mellitus
Physiological Anatomy of the Pancreas
Insulin and its Metabolic Effects
Glucagon and its Functions
Somatostatin Inhibits Glucagon and Insulin Secretion
Summary of Blood Glucose Regulation
Diabetes Mellitus
Bibliography
Chapter 80 Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone, and Teeth
Overview of Calcium and Phosphate Regulation in the Extracellular Fluid and Plasma
Bone and Its Relation to Extracellular Calcium and Phosphate
Vitamin D
Parathyroid Hormone
Calcitonin
Summary of Control of Calcium Ion Concentration
Pathophysiology of Parathyroid Hormone, Vitamin D, and Bone Disease
Physiology of the Teeth
Bibliography
Chapter 81 Reproductive and Hormonal Functions of the Male (and Function of the Pineal Gland)
Physiological Anatomy of the Male Sexual Organs
Spermatogenesis
Male Sexual Act
Testosterone and Other Male Sex Hormones
Abnormalities of Male Sexual Function
Erectile Dysfunction in the Male
The Function of the Pineal Gland in Controlling Seasonal Fertility in Some Animals
Bibliography
Chapter 82 Female Physiology Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones
Physiological Anatomy of the Female Sexual Organs
Oogenesis and Follicular Development in the Ovaries
Female Hormonal System
Monthly Ovarian Cycle; Function of the Gonadotropic Hormones
Functions of the Ovarian Hormones—Estradiol and Progesterone
Regulation of the Female Monthly Rhythm—Interplay Between the Ovarian and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hormones
Abnormalities of Secretion by the Ovaries
Female Sexual Act
Female Fertility
Hormonal Suppression of Fertility—“The Pill”
Abnormal Conditions That Cause Female Sterility
Bibliography
Chapter 83 Pregnancy and Lactation
Maturation and Fertilization of the Ovum
Early Nutrition of the Embryo
Anatomy and Function of the Placenta
Hormonal Factors in Pregnancy
Response of the Mother's Body to Pregnancy
Parturition
Lactation
Bibliography
Chapter 84 Fetal and Neonatal Physiology
Growth and Functional Development of the Fetus
Development of the Organ Systems
Fetal Metabolism
Adjustments of the Infant to Extrauterine Life
Special Functional Problems in the Neonate
Special Problems of Prematurity
Growth and Development of the Child
Bibliography
Unit XV Sports Physiology
Chapter 85 Sports Physiology
Female and Male Athletes
Muscles in Exercise
Respiration in Exercise
Cardiovascular System in Exercise
Body Heat in Exercise
Body Fluids and Salt in Exercise
Drugs and Athletes
Body Fitness Prolongs Life
Bibliography
Index
Normal Values for Selected Common Laboratory Measurements