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Memory Loss, Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia

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With a focus on the practical, day-to-day tools needed by neurologists, psychiatrists, geriatricians, and others who work with the elderly, Memory Loss, Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia, 3rd Edition, is an indispensable, easy-to-read resource in this growing area. Clinical experts Drs. Andrew Budson and Paul Solomon cover the essentials of physical and cognitive examinations and laboratory and imaging studies for dementia and related illnesses, giving you the guidance you need to make accurate diagnosis and treatment decisions with confidence. Key Features Provides in-depth coverage of clinically useful diagnostic tests and the latest research findings and treatment approaches. Incorporates real-world case studies that facilitate the management of both common and uncommon conditions. Contains new chapters on Alzheimer’s look-alikes and posterior cortical atrophy. Covers key topics such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy, primary age-related tauopathy (PART) and limbic-predominant, age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE), in addition to new criteria for dementia with Lewy bodies and posterior cortical atrophy. Includes current National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer's Association and DSM-5 criteria for Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Demonstrates how to use diagnostic tests such as the amyloid imaging scans florbetapir (Amyvid), flutemetamol (Vizamyl), and florbetaben (Neuraceq), which can display amyloid plaques in the living brains of patients, as well as the new tau scans. Includes access to more than two dozen videos that illustrate common tests, clinical signs, and diagnostic features. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

Memory Loss, Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia
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With a focus on the practical, day-to-day tools needed by neurologists, psychiatrists, geriatricians, and others who work with the elderly, Memory Loss, Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia, 3rd Edition, is an indispensable, easy-to-read resource in this growing area. Clinical experts Drs. Andrew Budson and Paul Solomon cover the essentials of physical and cognitive examinations and laboratory and imaging studies for dementia and related illnesses, giving you the guidance you need to make accurate diagnosis and treatment decisions with confidence. Key Features Provides in-depth coverage of clinically useful diagnostic tests and the latest research findings and treatment approaches. Incorporates real-world case studies that facilitate the management of both common and uncommon conditions. Contains new chapters on Alzheimer’s look-alikes and posterior cortical atrophy. Covers key topics such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy, primary age-related tauopathy (PART) and limbic-predominant, age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE), in addition to new criteria for dementia with Lewy bodies and posterior cortical atrophy. Includes current National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer's Association and DSM-5 criteria for Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Demonstrates how to use diagnostic tests such as the amyloid imaging scans florbetapir (Amyvid), flutemetamol (Vizamyl), and florbetaben (Neuraceq), which can display amyloid plaques in the living brains of patients, as well as the new tau scans. Includes access to more than two dozen videos that illustrate common tests, clinical signs, and diagnostic features. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

  1. Any screen, Any time, Anywhere
  2. Copyright
  3. Praise for the First Edition
  4. Praise for the Second Edition
  5. Preface to the Third Edition
  6. How To Use This Book
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. Disclosures
  9. About the Authors
  10. Video Table of Contents
  11. Section I: Evaluating the Patient With Memory Loss or Dementia
  12. 1. Why Diagnose and Treat Memory Loss, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Dementia?
  13. Helping the Patient
  14. Helping the Family or Other Caregiver
  15. Saving Money
  16. Planning for the Future
  17. Quality Versus Quantity
  18. References
  19. 2. Evaluating the Patient With Memory Loss or Dementia
  20. Talking With The Family
  21. In the Clinic
  22. At the Bedside
  23. History
  24. Review of Systems
  25. Medical History
  26. Allergies to Medications
  27. Social History
  28. Family History
  29. Physical Examination
  30. Cognitive Tests and Questionnaires
  31. Screening in the Clinic
  32. Laboratory Studies
  33. Structural Imaging Studies
  34. Functional Imaging Studies
  35. Tests that Suggest Alzheimer’s Disease
  36. Summary
  37. References
  38. 3. Subjective Cognitive Decline, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia
  39. A Three-Step Approach
  40. The Spectrum of Cognitive Changes
  41. Is Dementia Present?
  42. Is Mild Cognitive Impairment Present?
  43. Is Subjective Cognitive Decline Present?
  44. Which Clinical Syndrome is Present?
  45. What is the Underlying Pathology?
  46. References
  47. Section II: Differential Diagnosis of Memory Loss and Dementia
  48. 4. Alzheimer’s Disease
  49. Prevalence, Prognosis, and Definition
  50. Alzheimer’s Pathology
  51. Neurochemistry
  52. Diagnostic Criteria
  53. Risk Factors, Pathology, and Pathophysiology
  54. Common Signs, Symptoms, and Stages
  55. Things to Look for in the History
  56. Things to Look for on the Physical and Neurological Examination
  57. Pattern of Impairment on Cognitive Tests
  58. Laboratory Studies
  59. Structural Imaging Studies
  60. Molecular and Functional Imaging Studies
  61. Differential Diagnosis
  62. Treatments
  63. References
  64. 5. Primary Age-Related Tauopathy
  65. Prevalence, Pathology, Genetics, and Definition
  66. Clinical Features, History, and Pattern of Impairment on Cognitive Tests
  67. Things to Look for on the Physical and Neurological Examination
  68. Laboratory Studies
  69. Structural Imaging Studies
  70. Functional and Molecular Imaging Studies
  71. Differential Diagnosis
  72. Treatments
  73. References
  74. 6. Limbic-predominant Age-related TDP-43 Encephalopathy
  75. Prevalence, Prognosis, and Definition
  76. Clinical Diagnosis
  77. Pathology, Pathophysiology, and Genetics
  78. Common Signs, Symptoms, and Stages
  79. Things to Look for in the History
  80. Things to Look for on the Physical and Neurological Examination
  81. Pattern of Impairment on Cognitive Tests
  82. Laboratory Studies
  83. Structural Imaging Studies
  84. Functional and Molecular Imaging Studies
  85. Differential Diagnosis
  86. Treatments
  87. References
  88. 7. Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Vascular Dementia
  89. Prevalence, Prognosis, and Definition
  90. Criteria
  91. Risk Factors, Pathology, and Pathophysiology
  92. Common Signs, Symptoms, and Stages
  93. Things to Look for in the History
  94. Things to Look for on the Physical and Neurological Examination
  95. Pattern of Impairment on Cognitive Tests
  96. Laboratory Studies
  97. Structural Imaging Studies
  98. Functional and Molecular Imaging Studies
  99. Differential Diagnosis
  100. Treatments (see also Table 7.1)
  101. References
  102. 8. Dementia With Lewy Bodies
  103. Prevalence, Prognosis, and Definition
  104. Criteria and Diagnosis
  105. Risk Factors, Pathology, and Pathophysiology
  106. Common Signs, Symptoms, and Stages
  107. Things to Look for in the History
  108. Things to Look for on the Physical and Neurological Examination
  109. Pattern of Impairment on Cognitive Tests
  110. Laboratory, Sleep, and Electroencephalography Studies
  111. Structural Imaging Studies
  112. Functional Imaging Studies
  113. Differential Diagnosis
  114. Treatments (Table 8.2)
  115. References
  116. 9. Primary Progressive Aphasia and Apraxia of Speech
  117. Prevalence, Definition, and Pathology
  118. Criteria
  119. Common Signs, Symptoms, and Stages (Table 9.2)
  120. Things to Look for in the History
  121. Things to Look for on the Physical and Neurological Examination
  122. Pattern of Impairment on Cognitive Tests
  123. Structural and Functional Imaging Studies
  124. Differential Diagnosis
  125. Treatments
  126. References
  127. 10. Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia
  128. Prevalence, Prognosis, and Definition
  129. Criteria
  130. Risk Factors, Pathology, and Pathophysiology
  131. Common Signs, Symptoms, and Stages (Video 10.1)
  132. Things to Look for in the History
  133. Things to Look for on the Physical and Neurological Examination
  134. Pattern of Impairment on Cognitive Tests
  135. Laboratory Studies
  136. Structural and Functional Imaging Studies
  137. Differential Diagnosis
  138. Treatments
  139. References
  140. 11. Posterior Cortical Atrophy
  141. Prevalence, Definition, and Pathology
  142. Criteria
  143. Common Signs, Symptoms, and Stages
  144. Things to Look for in the History
  145. Things to Look for on the Physical and Neurological Examination
  146. Pattern of Impairment on Cognitive Tests
  147. Structural and Functional Imaging Studies
  148. Differential Diagnosis
  149. Treatments
  150. References
  151. 12. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
  152. Prevalence, Prognosis, and Definition
  153. Terminology
  154. Criteria and Diagnosis
  155. Risk Factors, Pathology, and Pathophysiology
  156. Common Signs, Symptoms, and Stages
  157. Things to Look for in The History
  158. Things to Look for on The Physical and Neurological Examination
  159. Pattern of Impairment on Cognitive Tests (Videos 12.6–12.8Video 12.6Video 12.7Video 12.8)
  160. Laboratory Studies
  161. Structural Imaging Studies
  162. Functional Imaging Studies
  163. Differential Diagnosis
  164. Treatments
  165. References
  166. 13. Corticobasal Degeneration and Corticobasal Syndrome
  167. Prevalence, Prognosis, and Definition
  168. Criteria
  169. Risk Factors, Pathology, and Pathophysiology
  170. Common Signs, Symptoms, and Stages
  171. Things to Look for in the History
  172. Things to Look for on the Physical and Neurological Examination (Videos 13.6 and 13.7)
  173. Pattern of Impairment on Cognitive Tests
  174. Laboratory Studies
  175. Structural Imaging Studies
  176. Functional and Molecular Imaging Studies
  177. Differential Diagnosis
  178. Treatments
  179. References
  180. 14. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
  181. Prevalence, Prognosis, and Definition
  182. Criteria
  183. Risk Factors, Pathology, and Pathophysiology
  184. Common Signs, Symptoms, and Stages
  185. Things to Look for in the History
  186. Things to Look for on the Physical and Neurological Examination
  187. Pattern of Impairment on Cognitive Tests
  188. Structural Imaging Studies
  189. Lumbar Puncture
  190. Other Studies
  191. Differential Diagnosis and Comorbid Disorders
  192. Treatments
  193. References
  194. 15. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
  195. Prevalence, Definition, Pathology, and Pathophysiology
  196. Criteria
  197. Common Signs, Symptoms, and Stages
  198. Things to Look for in the History
  199. Things to Look for on the Physical and Neurological Examination
  200. Pattern of Impairment on Cognitive Tests
  201. Structural and Functional Imaging Studies
  202. Differential Diagnosis
  203. Treatments
  204. References
  205. 16. Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease
  206. Prevalence, Prognosis, and Definition
  207. Criteria
  208. Risk Factors, Pathology, and Pathophysiology
  209. Clinical Presentation
  210. Laboratory Studies and Electroencephalography
  211. Structural Imaging Studies
  212. Differential Diagnosis
  213. Treatments
  214. References
  215. 17. Other Disorders That Cause Memory Loss or Dementia
  216. Depression and Anxiety
  217. Medication Side Effects
  218. Disrupted Sleep
  219. Hormones?
  220. Metabolic Disorders
  221. Diabetes
  222. Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholic Korsakoff’s Syndrome
  223. Lyme Disease
  224. Subdural and Epidural Hematomas
  225. Vitamin B12 Deficiency
  226. Seizures
  227. Human Immunodeficiency Virus–associated Neurocognitive Disorder
  228. Brain Sagging Syndrome
  229. Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy (Steroid-Responsive Encephalopathy Associated with Autoimmune Thyroiditis)
  230. References
  231. Section III: Treatment of Memory Loss, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Dementia
  232. 18. Goals for the Treatment of Memory Loss, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Dementia
  233. Talking About Treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease
  234. Strategies to Treat the Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease
  235. Treating Cognition and Treating Behavior
  236. References
  237. 19. Cholinesterase Inhibitors
  238. Cholinesterase Inhibitors In Alzheimer’s Disease
  239. Should I Prescribe A Cholinesterase Inhibitor?
  240. Is The Medication Working?
  241. Which Cholinesterase Inhibitor Should I Prescribe?
  242. What Is The Best Dose?
  243. When Should the Medications be Taken?
  244. Does it Help to Switch Medications?
  245. How do i Discuss with the Patient Whether the Cholinesterase Inhibitor is Working?
  246. Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Late-Stage Disease
  247. Huperzine A
  248. Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Other Disorders
  249. References
  250. 20. Memantine
  251. Mechanism of Action
  252. Which Patients Should Take Memantine?
  253. Efficacy of Memantine
  254. Safety and Tolerability of Memantine
  255. Should I Prescribe Generic Memantine or Namenda XR?
  256. Titrating Memantine
  257. Combining Memantine with Cholinesterase Inhibitors
  258. Memantine in the Mild Stage of Alzheimer’s Disease
  259. Memantine in Other Dementias
  260. References
  261. 21. Vitamins, Herbs, Supplements, and Antiinflammatories
  262. Vitamin D
  263. Vitamin E
  264. B Complex Vitamins: Folic Acid, B6, B12
  265. Ginkgo Biloba
  266. DHA (Fish Oil)
  267. Antiinflammatories
  268. Prevagen
  269. References
  270. 22. Nonpharmacological Treatment of Memory Loss, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Dementia
  271. Helpful Habits
  272. External Memory Aids
  273. Power of Pictures
  274. Magic of Music
  275. Mediterranean-Style Diets
  276. Social and Cognitively Stimulating Activities
  277. Aerobic Exercise
  278. References
  279. 23. Future Treatments of Memory Loss, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Dementia
  280. Strategies to Treat the Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease
  281. Disease-Modifying Treatments
  282. The Future of Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy
  283. References
  284. Section IV: Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
  285. 24. Evaluating the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
  286. What Constitutes Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia?
  287. The Benefits of Treating Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
  288. Measuring Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
  289. Evaluating Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia: Pragmatic Guidelines for the Clinician
  290. Formulating a Treatment Plan for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms: Pragmatic Guidelines for the Clinician
  291. References
  292. 25. Caring for and Educating the Caregiver
  293. Caring for the Caregiver
  294. Three Predictable Transition Points Where the Caregiver Needs Help
  295. References
  296. 26. Nonpharmacological Treatment of the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
  297. Some General Principles For Treating Behavioral And Psychological Symptoms In Dementia: The 3RS
  298. Dealing With Specific Behavioral And Psychological Symptoms Of Dementia: Behavioral Techniques
  299. References
  300. 27. Pharmacological Treatment of the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
  301. General Principles of Pharmacotherapy for the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
  302. Pharmacotherapy for Depression
  303. Pharmacotherapy for Anxiety
  304. Pharmacotherapy for Pseudobulbar Affect (Pathologic Laughter and Crying)
  305. Pharmacotherapy for Insomnia
  306. Pharmacotherapy for Psychosis
  307. Pharmacotherapy for Agitation
  308. Behavioral and Psychiatric Crises
  309. References
  310. Section V: Additional Issues
  311. 28. Life Adjustments for Memory Loss, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Dementia
  312. Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia In the Very Mild and Mild Stages
  313. Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia in the Moderate to Severe Stages
  314. References
  315. 29. Legal and Financial Issues in Memory Loss, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Dementia
  316. Legal Planning
  317. Financial Planning
  318. 30. Special Issues in Memory Loss, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Dementia
  319. The Patient Who Does Not Want to Come to the Appointment
  320. The Patient Who Does Not Want You to Talk to Their Family
  321. Talking to Adult Children of Patients about Their Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease And What they can do About it
  322. References
  323. Appendix A. Cognitive Test and Questionnaire Forms, Instructions, and Normative Data for Evaluating Memory Loss, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Dementia
  324. Mental Status Tests
  325. Screening Instruments that Combine Single Tests
  326. Informant (Caregiver)-Completed Screening Questionnaires
  327. Appendix B. Screening for Memory Loss, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Dementia
  328. To Screen or Not to Screen?
  329. Screening in Primary Care Practice
  330. Appendix C. Memory Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Causes of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
  331. Episodic Memory
  332. Semantic Memory
  333. Procedural Memory
  334. Working Memory
  335. Concluding Comment
  336. Index
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