Medical and Scientific English

UNIT 1 MEDICAL LANGUAGE AND INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY

LESSON 1 Welcome to medical English!

• The history of medical English
• Communicating with patients in English
• Spelling
• Pronunciation

LESSON 2 Word structure in medical English

• Word structure in medical English
• Word roots
• Prefixes
• Suffixes
• Combining words
• Abbreviations
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 Talking about the body

• Introduction
• Body planes and directions
• Frontal or Coronal plane
• Sagittal plane
• Transverse plane
• Other body directions
• Body quadrants
• Body cavities

LESSON 4 Medical specialties

• Medical specialties
• Orthopaedics
• Dentistry
• Pulmonology
• Cardiology
• Gastroenterology
• Dermatology
• Haematology
• Immunology
• Neurology
• Endocrinology
• Andrology
• Gynaecology and Obstetrics
• Ophthalmology
• Otolaryngology
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 2 ORTHOPAEDICS (I): THE SKELETAR SYSTEM

LESSON 1 The anatomy of the skeletal system – the axial skeleton

• Introduction
• The skull
• The bones of the chest
• Bones of the back

LESSON 2 The anatomy of the skeletal system – the appendicular skeleton

• Pectoral girdle – bones of the shoulders
• Upper Extremities
• Upper and lower arm
• Bones of the wrist, hand and fingers
• Bones of the hips
• Bones of the lower extremities
• Upper and lower leg
• Ankles, feet and toes
• Physiology of bone growth
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 The most common diseases and disorders of the skeletal system

• The main diseases of the bones and skeleton
• Diseases of the vertebrae
• Diseases of the joints (arthropathy) and ligaments
• Arthritis

LESSON 4 The main diagnostic procedures and treatment of the skeletal system

• Laboratory and diagnostic procedures
• Blood tests
• Imaging tests
• Medical procedures
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 3 ORTHOPAEDICS (II): THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

LESSON 1 The anatomy of the muscular system (Part 1)

• Types of muscles
• Naming of the skeletal muscles
• Origins and insertions
• Joints
• Muscle movement

LESSON 2 The anatomy of the muscular system (Part 2)

• Muscles of the head and neck
• Muscles of the shoulder, chest and back
• Muscles of the upper extremity – arms and hands
• Muscles of the abdomen
• Muscles of the Lower Extremity – Legs and Feet
• Physiology of muscle contraction
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 The main diseases and disorders of the muscular system

• The most common diseases of the muscles
• Movement disorders

LESSON 4 The main diagnostic procedures and treatment

• The most common laboratory and diagnostic procedures
• Blood tests
• Muscle tests
• The most common medical procedures
• Braces and adaptive devices
• Deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
• Muscle strength test
• Rehabilitation exercises
• Trigger point injections
• Surgical procedures
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 4 ODONTOLOGY AND DENTISTRY

LESSON 1 Dental anatomy and physiology

• The oral cavity
• The teeth

LESSON 2 Dental charting

• Introduction
• Names of teeth
• Dentition
• Dental arches
• Tooth numbering systems
• Tooth surfaces
• Morphology of teeth
• Occlusion
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 Dental instruments

• Introduction
• Hand cutting instruments
• Amalgam carriers, condensers, plastic filling instruments, carvers and burnishers
• Dental handpieces and rotary instruments

LESSON 4 Dental caries and periodontal disease

• Dental caries
• Restoration/filling procedure
• Periodontal disease
• Other forms of periodontal disease
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 5 PULMONOLOGY AND THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

LESSON 1 The lungs and the respiratory system

• The anatomy of the upper respiratory system
• The nose and nasal cavity
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• The anatomy of the lower respiratory system
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Alveoli
• The lungs

LESSON 2 Physiology of respiration

• Introduction
• Respiration
• The processes of respiration
• Respiratory rate
• EXERCISES
• Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 The main diseases of the respiratory system

• Introduction
• Diseases of the upper respiratory system
• Diseases of bronchial tubes
• Diseases of the lungs

LESSON 4 The main diagnostic procedures and treatment

• Diagnostic procedures
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 6 CARDIOLOGY AND THE VASCULAR SYSTEM

LESSON 1 The heart and the cardiovascular system

• Introduction
• The anatomy of the heart
• The cardiovascular system
• The wall of the heart

LESSON 2 Blood vessels

• Introduction
• Arteries, capillaries and veins
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 Circulation of the blood and physiology of the heart

• Systemic circulation
• Pulmonary circulation
• Alveoli
• The beating heart: blood pressure
• How does the heart pump?
• The main cardiovascular diseases, diagnostic procedures and treatment
• Introduction
• Diagnosis
• Treatment for cardiovascular diseases
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 7 GASTROENTEROLOGY AND THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

LESSON 1 The anatomy and physiology of the upper gastrointestinal system

• Introduction
• The upper gastrointestinal system

LESSON 2 The anatomy and physiology of the lower gastrointestinal system

• The small intestine
• The large intestine
• Accessory organs of the digestive system
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 The main diseases of the digestive system

• Diseases and disorders
• Pharynx and oesophagus
• Stomach
• Small and large intestines
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Accessory Organs

LESSON 4 The main diagnostic procedures and treatment

• Diagnostic procedures
• Blood tests
• Gastric and fecal specimen tests
• Diagnostic tests
• X-ray exams and imaging
• Main therapeutic and surgical procedures
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 8 DERMATOLOGY AND THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

LESSON 1 The integumentary system

• Introduction
• The layers of the skin
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Hypodermis

LESSON 2 Accessory structures of the skin

• Introduction
• Hair
• Nails
• Sebaceous (oil) glands
• Sweat glands
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 The main cutaneous diseases

• Introduction
• The most common contagious diseases

LESSON 4 The main diagnostic procedures and treatment

• Introduction
• Diagnostic procedures
• Culture and sensitivity test (C&S)
• Biopsy
• Wood’s Lamp
• Scratch (epicutaneous) or Prick Test
• Sweat Test
• Medical and surgical procedures
• Aesthetic procedures
• Blepharoplasty
• Botox injections
• Dermal fillers
• Liposuction
• Skin resurfacing techniques
• Rhytidectomy
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 9 HAEMATOLOGY AND INMUNOLOGY

LESSON 1 The anatomy of blood

• Introduction
• Blood
• Plasma
• The formed elements
• Blood types

LESSON 2 The lymphatic and immune systems

• The lymphatic system
• Lymph or lymphatic fluid
• LymPhatic vessels
• Lymphoid tissues – cells and organs
• The immune system and immune response
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 The main diseases of the blood and lymphatic system

• The most common diseases of the blood
• Anaemia
• Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
• Haemophilia
• Leukaemia
• Mononucleosis
• Multiple myeloma
• Polycythemia vera
• Thallassemia
• Transfusion reaction
• The most common diseases of the lymphatic system
• Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
• Lymphadenopathy
• Lymphoedema
• Lymphoma
• Thymoma
• Vasculitis
• The most common immune disorders

LESSON 4 The main diagnostic procedures and treatment

• Introduction
• Blood tests
• Blood type
• Blood culture and sensitivity (C&S)
• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, SR, Sed rate)
• Peripheral blood smear
• Coagulation tests
• Serum tests
• Urine tests
• Other blood tests
• Diagnostic Imaging
• The most common medical procedures
• The most common surgical procedures
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 10 NEUROLOGY AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

LESSON 1 The Anatomy of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

• Introduction
• The Anatomy of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
• The Brain
• The Spinal Cord
• The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• The Somatic Nervous System
• The Autonomic Nervous System

LESSON 2 Physiology of a Neuron and Neuron Transmitters

• Nervous Tissue
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 The Most Common Diseases of the Nervous System

• The Main Neurological Diseases and Disorders
• Amnesia
• Aphasia
• Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
• Brain Tumor
• Cephalalgia
• Cerebral Palsy
• Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
• Coma
• Concussion
• Dementia
• Encephalitis
• Epilepsy
• Huntington’s Disease
• Meningitis
• Parkinson’s Disease
• Spinal Cord Injury
• Multiple Sclerosis

LESSON 4 The Main Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment

• Introduction
• Laboratory Tests
• Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination (CFS)
• Imaging Tests
• Cerebral Angiography
• Computed Axial Tomography (CAT, CT)
• Doppler Ultrasonography
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Myelography
• Positron Emission Tomography Scan (PET)
• Skull X-ray
• Other Diagnostic Tests
• Electro Encephalography (EEG)
• Evoked Potential Testing
• Nerve Conduction Study
• The Most Common Medical and Surgical Procedures
• Babinski’s Sign
• Glasgow Coma Scale
• Lumbar Puncture
• Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE)
• Neurologic Examination
• Spinal Traction
• Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) Unit
• Specific Surgical Procedures
• Carotid Endarterectomy
• Discectomy
• Stereotactic Neurosurgery
• Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 11 ENDOCRINOLOGY AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

LESSON 1 The Anatomy of the Endocrine System

• Introduction
• The Anatomy of the Endocrine System
• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary Gland
• Pineal Gland
• Thyroid Gland
• Parathyroid Glands
• Thymus Gland
• Pancreas
• Adrenal Glands
• Ovaries
• Testes

LESSON 2 Physiology of Hormones

• Hormone Response and Feedback
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 The Main Diseases and Disorders

• of the Endocrine System
• Introduction
• Hyperadrenalism and Hypoadrenalism
• Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypothyroidism
• Pancreatitis
• Pituitary Gigantism

LESSON 4 The Main Diagnostic Procedures

• and Treatment
• Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures
• Blood Tests
• Urine Tests
• Imaging Tests
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 12 ANDROLOGY, GYNAECOLOGY, AND OBSTETRICS

LESSON 1 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System

• Introduction
• External Organs
• Internal Organs
• Physiology of Spermatogenesis and Ejaculation
• Spermatogenesis
• Ejaculation

LESSON 2 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System

• Introduction
• Internal Organs
• External Genitalia
• Menstrual Cycle
• Pregnancy
• Labour and Delivery
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 The Main Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System, Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment

• Introduction
• Testes and Epididymis
• Prostate
• Penis
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
• The Most Common Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures
• Blood Tests
• Semen Tests
• Diagnostic Imagery

LESSON 4 The Main Diseases and Disorders of the Female Reproductive System, Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment

• Ovaries and Uterine Tubes
• Menstrual Disorders
• Cervix
• Vaginal Infections
• Breasts
• Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
• Pregnancy, Labour and Delivery
• During Pregnancy
• During Labour and Delivery
• The Most Common Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures
• Gynaecological Tests
• Diagnostic Imagery
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4

UNIT 13 OPHTHALMOLOGY AND OTOLARYNGOLOGY

LESSON 1 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye

• Introduction
• The Anatomy of the Eye
• Physiology of Vision

LESSON 2 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear

• Introduction
• Anatomy of the Auditory System
• Vestibule and Semicircular Canals
• Cochlea
• Physiology of the Sense of Hearing
• EXERCISES Lesson 1
• Lesson 2

LESSON 3 Diseases, Disorders, Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment in Ophthalmology

• Refractive Disorders
• Inflammation and Infection
• Pathologies

LESSON 4 Diseases, Disorders, Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment in Otolaryngology

• The Main Diseases and Disorders of the Ear
• Hearing Loss
• The Main Diagnostic and Surgical Procedures
• Diagnostic Tests
• EXERCISES Lesson 3
• Lesson 4