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ACSM's Sports Medicine. A Comprehensive Review
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ACSM’s Sports Medicine: A Comprehensive Review, 2nd Edition, spans the full spectrum of sports medicine, from medical to skeletal conditions related to the athlete. Using an easy-to-follow, bulleted approach, it approaches the content with two guiding objectives 1) to serve a premier educational primer for the clinician embarking on a career in sports medicine, and 2) to provide the foremost resource to assist clinicians preparing for their subspecialty sports medicine certification examination. A multidisciplinary team of authors and editors, led by senior editor Dr. Francis G. O’Connor, ensures that you’ll benefit from the who’s who of sports medicine talent from nearly all medical specialties and leaders in athletic training and physical therapy.Expanded to 136 chapters, divided into sever sections: general considerations, evaluation of the injured athlete, medical problems in the athlete, musculoskeletal problems in the athlete, principles of rehabilitation, sports-specific populations, and special populations.
Uses an easy-access, bulleted format that makes important concepts simple to locate and recall, highlighted by numerous tables, figures, and algorithms.
Features over 1,300 refreshed board-style practice questions online, with rationale for correct and incorrect responses.
Includes additional online-only content include chapter addenda, Radiographic Lines and Angles resource, and the most recent guidance by the Team Physician Consensus Conference (TPCC).
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Especialidad
- Medicina Deportiva
ACSM’s Sports Medicine: A Comprehensive Review, 2nd Edition, spans the full spectrum of sports medicine, from medical to skeletal conditions related to the athlete. Using an easy-to-follow, bulleted approach, it approaches the content with two guiding objectives 1) to serve a premier educational primer for the clinician embarking on a career in sports medicine, and 2) to provide the foremost resource to assist clinicians preparing for their subspecialty sports medicine certification examination. A multidisciplinary team of authors and editors, led by senior editor Dr. Francis G. O’Connor, ensures that you’ll benefit from the who’s who of sports medicine talent from nearly all medical specialties and leaders in athletic training and physical therapy.Expanded to 136 chapters, divided into sever sections: general considerations, evaluation of the injured athlete, medical problems in the athlete, musculoskeletal problems in the athlete, principles of rehabilitation, sports-specific populations, and special populations.
Uses an easy-access, bulleted format that makes important concepts simple to locate and recall, highlighted by numerous tables, figures, and algorithms.
Features over 1,300 refreshed board-style practice questions online, with rationale for correct and incorrect responses.
Includes additional online-only content include chapter addenda, Radiographic Lines and Angles resource, and the most recent guidance by the Team Physician Consensus Conference (TPCC).
- Dedication
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Contributing Authors
- Reviewers
- Question_Editors_and_Authors
- SECTION i. Foundational Considerations in Sports Medicine
- 1. The Team Physician
- What Is a Team Physician?
- Time Requirements of a Team Physician
- Core Knowledge of a Team Physician
- Medical Responsibilities of the Team Physician
- Administrative Responsibilities of the Team Physician
- Medicolegal Concerns for the Team Physician
- Communication Responsibilities of a Team Physician
- Other Considerations for the Team Physician
- References
- 2. Leadership in Sports Medicine
- Introduction
- Health Care Models of Leadership
- Leadership Considerations in Practice
- Lifelong Development of Leadership
- The Case for Sports Medicine Leadership
- Summary
- References
- 3. Ethical Considerations in Sports Medicine
- Introduction
- Physician Responsibilities
- Potential for Dual Agency
- Drug Use
- Confidentiality
- Relationship With Colleagues
- Fear of Legal Entanglement
- Summary
- References
- 4. Medicolegal Considerations
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Duties, Roles, and Responsibilities of the Team Physician
- Duties, Roles, and Responsibilities of the Team and Athletes
- Contracts
- Liability
- Patient (Athlete)-Physician Relationship
- Drugs and the Athlete
- “Captain of the Ship”
- Risk Management
- Case Law and Legislation of Interest to the Team Physician
- Exculpatory Waivers
- References
- 5. Sports Medicine Terminology
- Introduction
- General Orthopaedic Terminology
- Classification Systems
- Evidence-Based Medicine Terminology
- Fitness Terminology
- Fracture Terminology
- Fracture Eponyms
- Genomics Terminology
- Regenerative Medicine/Orthobiologics
- Tendinopathy
- Ultrasound
- 6. Basics in Exercise Physiology
- Introduction
- Skeletal Muscle Physiology
- Concepts in Cardiopulmonary Physiology
- Measurements of Energy, Work, and Power
- Basic Concepts in Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise
- Exercise Training
- Estimating Strength and Endurance
- References
- 7. Articular Cartilage Injury
- Introduction
- Basic Science
- Grading of Articular Cartilage Injury
- Nonsurgical Treatment
- Surgical Treatment
- Treatment Decision Making
- Future Directions
- References
- 8. Bone Injury and Fracture Healing
- Introduction
- Bone Anatomy
- Bone Biochemistry
- Bone-Healing Process
- Biomechanics of Fractures
- Factors Influencing Fracture Repair
- Augmentation Of Fracture Healing
- Types of Bone Graft
- Physical Stimulation Therapies
- References
- 9. Nerve Injury
- Introduction
- Peripheral Nerve Anatomy
- Nerve Injury
- Diagnosis of Peripheral Nerve Injury
- Peripheral Nerve Injury in Noncontact Sports
- Sports and Peripheral Nerve Injury
- Contact Sports and Nerve Injury
- Throwing Sports and Nerve Injury
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Athletes
- Neuromuscular Imaging
- CRPS
- Conclusion
- References
- 10. Muscle and Tendon Injury and Repair
- Skeletal Muscle Injury and Repair
- Tendon Injury Repair
- References
- 11. Basic Principles of Exercise Training and Conditioning
- Introduction
- Exercise Prescription and Training Program
- General Components of an Exercise Program
- Medical Clearance and Exercise Testing
- Training Effects of Aerobic Exercise
- Summary
- References
- 12. Nutrition
- Introduction
- Basics in Energy Metabolism
- Nutritional Requirements of Athletes
- Hydration and Fluid Replacement
- Electrolytes
- Nutrient Timing
- Nutritional Issues
- Ergogenic Agents and Nutritional Supplements
- Special Population Considerations
- References
- 13. Exercise Prescription
- Introduction
- Benefits of Physical Activity
- Exercise Prescription: What to Include
- Exercise Prescription: Beyond Cardiovascular Endurance
- Exercise Prescription: Overcoming Barriers to Activity
- Exercise Prescription: Assessing Readiness to Change
- Exercise Prescription: Resolving Ambivalence About Change
- Summary
- References
- 14. Playing Surface and Protective Equipment
- Playing Surface
- Protective Equipment
- Summary
- References
- 15. Sideline Emergencies
- Introduction
- General Approach to the Collapsed Athlete
- Immediate Life-Threatening Injuries
- Potential Life-Threatening/Disabling Injuries: Spine and Head Injuries
- Abdominal/Pelvic Injury
- Musculoskeletal Injuries
- Other Serious Injuries
- Environmental Emergencies
- Equipment Management
- Emergency Action Planning
- Mass Casualty Incidents
- Summary
- References
- 16. Mass Participation Events
- Goals
- Medical Encounter Documentation
- Epidemiology
- Medical Philosophy
- Medical Chain of Command
- Medical Training
- Staffing
- Triage and Treatment Guidelines
- Finance and Logistics
- Medical Legal
- Mass Participation and Infectious Disease
- Concluding Commonsense Principles
- References
- 17. Catastrophic Sports Injuries
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Indirect Injuries
- Direct Injuries
- General Prevention Tips
- References
- 18. Preparticipation Physical Examination
- Introduction
- Goals
- Qualified Providers
- Format
- Frequency and Timing of Examination
- Content
- Medical History
- Physical Examination
- Diagnostic Tests
- Screening to Prevent Exercise-Related Sudden Death
- Clearance
- References
- SECTION ii. Evaluation of the Injured Athlete
- 19. Diagnostic Imaging
- Introduction
- Imaging Modalities
- Modality Description, Strengths, and Weaknesses
- Specific Utilization of Different Modalities
- Clinical Considerations
- Tissue of Interest
- Acute Injury Versus Overuse
- Chronic Sequelae to Trauma
- Site-Specific Plain Radiography: Standard and Special Views
- Clinically Challenging Cases in Sports Medicine and the Use of Multimodal Imaging
- Summary
- References
- Suggested Reading
- 20. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Upper and Lower Extremity
- Introduction
- Shoulder
- Elbow
- Wrist and Hand
- Hip
- Knee
- Ankle and Foot
- Summary
- References
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Upper and Lower Extremity—Supplemental Materials for Online Text
- 21. Musculoskeletal Ultrasound
- Introduction
- Physics
- Terminology
- Musculoskeletal US Signals
- Indications for US in Sports Medicine
- Evidence for Use of US in Sports Medicine
- Resources
- References
- 22. Electrodiagnostic Testing
- Introduction
- Anatomy
- Pathophysiology of Nerve Injury
- Specific EDX Studies
- Indications for Electrodiagnostic Testing
- Limitations of Electrodiagnostic Testing
- Electrodiagnostic Report
- Summary
- References
- 23. ECG Interpretation in Athletes
- Introduction
- Normal ECG Findings in Athletes
- Borderline ECG Findings in Athletes
- Abnormal ECG Findings in Athletes
- Summary
- References
- 24. Exercise Testing
- Introduction
- ET Terminology
- Performing the ET
- ET Common Uses
- Preparticipation Screening
- Performing the Test
- Interpretation of the Test
- Clinical Decision Making
- Special Population Considerations
- Summary
- References
- 25. Gait Analysis
- Introduction
- Fundamentals and Practical Aspects of Gait Analysis
- Gait Cycle
- Clinical Evaluation
- Gait Evaluation
- Emerging Technologies With Practical Application
- Advanced Aspects of Gait Analysis
- Kinematics
- Kinetics
- Muscle Activation and Dynamic Electromyography
- Efficiency and Oxygen Consumption
- Common Running Gait Errors
- Summary
- References
- 26. Compartment Syndrome Testing
- Introduction
- Compartment Syndromes
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Indications for Intramuscular Compartmental Pressure Measurements
- Techniques to Measure Compartment Pressures
- Performance of the Procedure
- Approach to Each Leg Compartment
- Differential Diagnosis
- Other Diagnostic Options
- References
- 27. Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction Testing
- Epidemiology
- Indications for EIB Testing
- Contraindications for EIB Testing
- EIB Provocative Testing
- Eucapnic Voluntary Hyperventilation Test
- Methacholine Challenge
- Evaluating Athletes With Exercise-Induced Dyspnea
- Summary
- References
- 28. Drug Testing
- Introduction
- Scope of Problem
- Regulating Agencies
- Drugs, Medications, and Other Substances
- Testing Procedures (Based on the NCAA Drug Testing Programs)
- Postseason Testing
- Institutional Drug Testing
- Testing Techniques
- Legal Issues
- Public Relations
- Consequences
- References
- 29. Thermotolerance Testing
- Introduction
- Heat Tolerance/Intolerance
- HTT and Clinical Decision-Making
- Reported Limitations of the IDF HTT
- Summary
- References
- 30. Neuropsychological Testing in Concussion
- Introduction
- Why is Neuropschological Testing Useful in Concussion?
- Types of Neuropsychological Testing in Concussion
- Statistical Factors Necessary in Choosing a Neuropsychological Test
- Sideline and Office Assessment: Brief Neuropsychological Tests
- Comprehensive (Clinical) Neuropsychological Testing
- Statistical Support for the Use of Computerized Neuropsychological Testing in Concussion
- Considerations in Neuropsychological Testing
- Future Directions and Conclusions
- References
- Statistical Factors Necessary in Choosing a Neuropsychological Test
- Sideline and Office Assessment: Brief Neuropsychological Tests
- Comprehensive (Clinical) Neuropsychological Testing
- SECTION iii. Medical Problems in the Athlete
- 31. Cardiology
- Introduction
- Cardiovascular Benefits of Exercise
- The Athletic Heart Syndrome
- Sudden Cardiac Death in Exercise
- Syncope and Exercise-Associated Collapse
- Hypertension in Athletes
- Coronary Artery Disease in Athletes
- Arrhythmias in Athletes
- References
- 32. Dermatology
- Introduction
- Mechanical Injury
- Environmental Injury
- Infectious Injury
- MRSA
- Miscellaneous
- References
- 33. Genitourinary
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Hematuria
- Proteinuria
- Acute Kidney Injury
- Genitourinary Trauma
- Sport Participation Among Patients With Structural Genitoruinary Abnormalities
- Summary
- References
- 34. Ophthalmology
- Background
- Epidemiology
- Classification of Sports for Ocular Injury
- Preparticipation Exam
- The Monocular Athlete
- Ocular Evaluation of the Injured Athlete
- Classification of Eye Injuries
- Common Eye Injuries Seen in Sport
- Sideline Kit Recommendations
- Common Eye Medications
- Prevention/Protective Gear
- Summary
- References
- 35. Otorhinolaryngology
- Introduction
- Assessment of Facial Injuries on the Sideline
- Ear Injuries
- Tympanic Membrane Rupture
- Auditory Exostoses
- Nasal Injuries
- Facial Injuries
- Tracheal Injuries
- Summary
- References
- 36. Dental Injuries
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Anatomy
- Field-Side Assessment
- Specific Injuries
- Dental Maintenance
- References
- 37. Infectious Disease and the Athlete
- Introduction
- Immunology and Exercise
- Infections and Exercise
- Rhinorrhea and Nasal Congestion
- Cough
- Sore Throat
- Other Common Head, Ear, and Eye Conditions
- Myocarditis
- Gastroenteritis — Acute Diarrhea
- Bloodborne Infections
- Sexually Transmitted Infections
- Urinary Tract Infections
- Coronavirus (COVID-19)
- Reportable Diseases
- Exercise in Unusual Places
- Return to Play After Infection
- Current and Future Prospects for Prevention and Treatment
- References
- 38. Endocrinology and Sports
- Introduction
- Pancreatic Hormones
- Diabetes and Exercise
- Participation Guidelines
- Adrenal Gland
- Thyroid Hormone
- Growth Hormone
- Parathyroid Hormone
- Vitamin D
- Posterior Pituitary Hormones
- Sex Hormones
- References
- 39. Hematology in the Athlete
- Introduction
- Anemia
- Athletic Pseudoanemia
- Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Anemia from Blood Loss
- Sickle Cell Trait
- Erythrocythemia (Polycythemia)
- Etiologies of Erythrocytosis
- WBC Line Abnormalities
- Abnormalities of Platelets and Coagulation
- Other Disorders Causing Anemia/Cell Line Abnormalities
- Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
- Mild Rhabdomyolysis
- Moderate Rhabdomyolysis
- Severe Rhabdomyolysis
- Fulminant Rhabdomyolysis
- Rhabdomyolysis of an Isolated Muscle or Muscle Group
- Rhabdomyolysis Follow-Up
- Summary
- References
- 40. Neurology
- Introduction
- Concussion
- Concussion Evaluation
- Headaches
- Epilepsy
- References
- 41. Gastroenterology
- Introduction and Epidemiology
- Upper GI Diseases
- Lower GI Diseases
- References
- 42. Pulmonary
- Introduction
- Asthma
- Long-Term Controllers
- Short-Acting Agents
- Asthma Management
- Exercise-Induced Asthma/Bronchospasm
- Indirect Challenge Tests
- Direct Challenge Tests
- Pharmacologic Treatments
- Nonpharmacologic Treatments
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Respiratory Infections
- Exercise-Induced Laryngeal Obstruction
- References
- 43. Rheumatology
- Introduction
- Challenges of Rheumatologic Tests in Clinical Medicine
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Osteoarthritis
- Spondyloarthropathies
- Reactive Arthritis
- Psoriatic Arthritis
- Enteropathic Arthritis
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Management Considerations in the Elite Athlete with Inflammatory Arthropathy
- Summary
- References
- 44. Allergic Diseases in Athletes
- Introduction
- Allergic Rhinitis
- Nonallergic Rhinitis
- Allergy Testing
- Allergen Immunotherapy
- Allergic Conjunctivitis
- Urticaria and Angioedema
- Anaphylactic and Anaphylactoid Reactions
- References
- 45. Overtraining Syndrome
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Physiologic Changes With Training
- Epidemiology
- Hypotheses
- Categories of Overtraining
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Prevention
- References
- 46. Exercise and Chronic Disease
- Obesity
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Other Benefits of Exercise in Type 2 Diabetes
- Type 1 Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Coronary Artery Disease
- Exercise Post-Cerebrovascular Accident
- Heart Failure
- Chronic Kidney Disease
- Thyroid Disease
- Epilepsy
- Cerebral Palsy
- Exercise-Induced Asthma/Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction
- Chronic Lung Disease in Children
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Adults
- Osteoarthritis
- References
- 47. Environmental Injuries: Hypothermia, Frostbite, Heat Illness, and Altitude Illness
- Introduction
- Hypothermia
- Frostbite
- Heat Illness
- Altitude Illness
- References
- SECTION iv. Musculoskeletal Problems in the Athlete
- 48. Head Injuries
- Background
- Cerebral Concussion
- Postconcussion Syndrome
- Long-Term Risks After Concussion
- Intracranial Hemorrhage
- Posttraumatic Seizure
- Malignant Brain Edema
- Second Impact Syndrome
- Diffuse Axonal Injury
- Traumatic Cerebrovascular Disease
- Management Guidelines
- Summary
- References
- 49. Cervical Spine
- Background
- Epidemiology
- Functional Anatomy
- Sport-Specific Biomechanics
- Clinical Features
- Diagnostic Studies
- Treatment
- Rehabilitation
- RTP Guidelines
- Prevention
- References
- 50. Thoracic and Lumbar Spine
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Anatomy
- Initial Evaluation
- Imaging
- Laboratory
- Clinical Syndromes
- RTP Guidelines
- References
- 51. Shoulder Instability
- Introduction
- Classification
- Pathology of Instability
- Clinical Presentation
- Imaging
- Methods of Reduction
- Postreduction Care
- Natural History and Nonoperative Treatment
- Rehabilitation
- Operative Treatment Options
- References
- 52. Rotator Cuff Pathology
- History
- Impingement or Rotator Cuff Syndrome
- Pathophysiology
- Examination
- Radiographic Examination
- Nonoperative Treatment (Pain Control — Injections)
- Nonoperative Treatment (Rehabilitation)
- Surgical Intervention
- Massive RCR
- Postoperative Rehabilitation
- Summary
- References
- 53. Sternoclavicular, Clavicular, and Acromioclavicular Injuries
- Introduction
- Sternoclavicular Joint
- Clavicle
- AC Joint
- References
- 54. Shoulder Superior Labrum Anterior and Posterior Tears and Biceps Tears
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Superior Labrum
- Biceps (Shoulder)
- References
- 55. The Throwing Shoulder
- Introduction
- Throwing Motion
- Kinetic Chain of Throwing
- Terminology
- Pathophysiology
- Labral Tears (SLAP)
- Rotator Cuff
- Capsular
- Bony Changes
- Management of Specific Injuries
- Impingement
- Rehabilitation Issues
- Prevention
- Softball Pitching (Windmill Throwing)
- Summary
- References
- 56. Elbow Instability
- Introduction
- Functional Anatomy
- History
- Physical Examination
- Imaging Studies
- Treatment
- References
- 57. Elbow Articular Lesions and Fractures
- Introduction
- Pediatric Fractures
- Adult Elbow Trauma
- Osteochondritis Dissecans
- References
- 58. Elbow Tendinopathies
- Introduction
- Symptoms/Signs
- Histopathology
- Differential Diagnosis/Associated Lesions
- Treatment Concepts
- Biologic Treatments
- Indications for Surgery
- Treatment Results
- References
- 59. Soft-Tissue Injuries of the Wrist and Hand
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Dorsal Wrist Syndromes
- Carpal Instability
- Ulnar Translocation
- Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injury
- Fingertip Injuries
- Joint Injuries of the Fingers
- Dorsal Dislocations
- Volar Dislocations
- Rotary Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Subluxation
- Collateral Ligament Injuries
- Injuries of the Thumb
- Tendon Injuries
- Vascular Injury
- Overuse Injuries
- Pediatric Injuries
- References
- 60. Wrist and Hand Fractures
- Epidemiology
- General Principles
- Distal Radius Fractures
- Scaphoid Fractures
- Hamate Fractures
- Capitate Fractures
- Pisiform Fractures
- Triquetrum Fractures
- Lunate Fractures
- Trapezium Fractures
- Trapezoid Fractures
- Metacarpal Fractures
- Transverse Fractures
- Oblique and Spiral Fractures
- Comminuted Fractures
- Metacarpal Head Fractures
- Metacarpal Neck Fractures
- Metacarpal Base Fractures
- Thumb Metacarpal Fractures
- Phalangeal Fractures
- Summary
- References
- 61. Upper Extremity Nerve Entrapment
- General Principles of Upper Extremity Nerve Entrapment
- Specific Nerve Entrapments of the Upper Extremity
- References
- 62. Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh Injuries
- Avulsion Fractures and Apophyseal Injuries
- Stress Fractures
- Soft-Tissue Injuries
- Hip Pointer
- Hamstring Syndrome
- Thigh Contusions/Quadriceps Injury
- Morel-Lavallee Lesion
- Specific Conditions
- References
- 63. Knee Meniscal Injuries
- Introduction
- Anatomy and Basic Science
- Biomechanics and Meniscal Function
- Epidemiology
- Diagnosis of Meniscal Injury
- Meniscal Pathology
- Meniscal Root Pathology
- Ramp Lesions
- Treatment
- Outcomes
- Complications
- Meniscal Substitutes
- Future Directions
- References
- 64. Knee Instability
- Introduction
- Anatomy
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament
- Posterior Cruciate Ligament
- Medial Collateral Ligament
- PLC and LCL
- Knee Dislocation
- References
- 65. The Patellofemoral Joint
- Anatomy
- History
- Physical Examination
- Radiographs
- General Treatment of Common Patellofemoral Disorders
- Anterior Knee Pain
- PF Arthrosis
- PF Instability
- Patellar Tendinopathy
- Osteochondral Injury
- Fractures
- References
- 66. Soft-Tissue Knee Injuries (Tendon and Bursae)
- Biomechanics of Tendon Ruptures
- Patellar Tendon Ruptures
- Quadriceps Tendon Ruptures
- Gastrocnemius Rupture
- Patellar Tendonitis
- Quadriceps Tendinitis
- Popliteus Tendinitis
- Iliotibial Band Syndrome
- Prepatellar Bursitis (Housemaid’s Knee)
- Pes Anserine Bursitis
- Synovial Plicae Syndrome
- References
- 67. Ankle Instability
- Definition of Ankle Sprain
- Anatomy and Pathophysiology
- Physical Examination
- Diagnostic Tests
- Imaging
- Grading
- Initial Treatment of Lateral Ankle Sprains
- Chronic Ankle Pain and Instability
- Surgical Treatment
- References
- 68. Soft-Tissue Injuries of the Leg, Ankle, and Foot
- Soft-Tissue Injuries of the Leg
- Soft-Tissue Injuries of the Hindfoot and Midfoot
- Soft-Tissue Injuries of the Forefoot
- References
- 69. Foot and Ankle Fractures
- Ankle Fractures
- Classification
- Foot Fractures
- Fractures of the Talus
- Fractures of the Calcaneus
- Midfoot Fractures
- Metatarsal and Phalangeal Fractures
- References
- 70. Lower Extremity Stress Fractures
- Incidence
- Etiology
- Risk Factors
- History
- Physical Examination
- Imaging
- General Principles of Treatment
- Specific Sites of Stress Fracture
- References
- 71. Lower Extremity Nerve Entrapments
- Introduction
- Common Nerve Entrapment Syndromes
- TN: Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
- First Branch of the Lateral Plantar Nerve
- MPN: Jogger’s Foot
- Common Peroneal Nerve
- Superficial Peroneal Nerve
- DPN: Anterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
- Miscellaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndromes TN: Soleal Sling Syndrome
- SCN: Deep Gluteal Syndrome
- Medial Calcaneal Nerve
- Sural Nerve
- Saphenous Nerve
- Obturator Nerve
- Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve: Meralgia Paresthetica
- Medial Hallucal Nerve
- Summary
- References
- SECTION v. Rehabilitation
- 72. Principles of Rehabilitation and Return to Sport
- Introduction
- Principles of Rehabilitation — The RTP Continuum
- Return-to-Sport Guidelines
- Injury Prevention
- Summary
- References
- 73. Pain Management in the Athlete
- Introduction
- Types of Pain
- Types of Injury
- Acute Versus Chronic Pain
- Nonpharmacologic Pain Management
- Acute Pharmacological Pain Management
- Subacute and Chronic Pharmacological Pain Management
- Psychology of Pain
- Special Considerations
- Summary
- References
- 74. Physical Modalities in Sports Medicine
- Introduction
- Therapeutic Heat
- Physiology of Superficial Heat
- Diathermy (Deep Heating)
- Therapeutic Cold
- Compression Therapy
- Electrotherapy
- Complementary and Alternative Therapies
- Blood Flow Restriction
- Extracorporeal Shockwave
- Summary
- References
- 75. Core Strengthening
- Overview
- What Are Core Muscles? Anatomy/Biomechanics of the “Core”
- How Do We Strengthen Core Muscles?
- Practical Applications of Core Strengthening
- Core Stabilization: What’s the Evidence?
- Summary
- References
- 76. Medications and Ergogenic Aids
- Overview
- Medications and Ergogenic Aids Background
- Medications
- Ergogenic Aids
- References
- 77. Prolotherapy
- Introduction
- Prolotherapy Definitions
- Common Uses
- Historical Perspectives
- Prolotherapy Agents
- Prolotherapy Technique
- Current Evidence
- Contraindications, Complications, and Adverse Reactions
- Summary
- References
- 78. Orthobiologic Therapies
- Introduction
- Autologous Blood
- Platelet-Rich Plasma
- PRP in Tendinopathy
- PRP in Osteoarthritis
- PRP in Ligamentous Injury
- Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
- MSCs in Tendinopathy
- MSCs in Osteoarthritis
- MSCs in Ligamentous Injury
- Summary
- References
- 79. Common Injections in Sports Medicine
- Introduction
- Indications
- Contraindications
- General Principles
- Medications
- Evidence-Based Assessment
- Specific Injections
- References
- Specific Injections
- References
- 80. Ultrasound and Image-Guided Procedures
- Introduction
- Standards for Teaching, Performance, and Credentialing
- Ultrasound Guidance for Accuracy in Interventional Procedures
- Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Tenotomy and Minimally Invasive Tendon Procedures
- Ultrasound-Guided Carpal Tunnel Release
- Ultrasound-Guided Trigger Finger Release
- Ultrasound-Guided Hydrodissection
- Ultrasound-Guided Hydrodilatation
- Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation
- Summary
- References
- 81. Footwear and Orthotics
- Introduction
- Orthotics
- Controversies, Conclusions, and Further Research
- References
- 82. Taping in Sports Medicine
- Introduction
- Indications
- Current Methods
- Recommended Materials
- Principles of Application
- Site-Specific Techniques
- Current Evidence
- References
- 83. Bracing in Sports Medicine
- Introduction
- Indications
- Selecting a Brace
- Site-Specific Indications
- Current Evidence
- References
- 84. Casting and Splinting
- Principles of Casting and Splinting
- Splinting Versus Casting
- General Process
- Complications
- Follow-Up
- Commonly Used Splints and Casts
- References
- 85. Psychological Considerations in Physical Activity, Exercise, and Sport
- Introduction
- Epidemiology of Mental Health Disorders in Athletes
- Initiating Physical Activity in Sedentary/Low Active Adults
- Competitive or Performance Anxiety
- Behavioral Health Conditions Associated With Exercise
- Exercise Overtraining “Addiction”
- Rehabilitation
- Summary
- References
- 86. Complementary and Integrative Health
- What Is Complementary and Integrative Health?
- Who Uses Complementary and Integrative Health?
- Do Athletes and Sports Medicine Providers Use Complementary and Integrative Health?
- Where Can I Find Good Evidence on Complementary and Integrative Health Therapies?
- How Do I Advise My Patients About Complementary and Integrative Health Therapies?
- What’s the Current Evidence for or Against Some Popular Complementary and Integrative Health Treatments?
- Summary
- References
- 87. Special Considerations for Postoperative Athletes
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
- Arthroscopic Partial Medial/Lateral Meniscectomy Rehabilitation
- Meniscus Repair Rehabilitation Protocol
- Lateral Ankle Ligament Reconstruction Procedure Rehabilitation
- Hip Arthroscopy Rehabilitation
- Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Protocol
- Bankart Labral (Anterior/Posterior) Repair and Superior Labral Tear (Slap Lesion) Repair Rehabilitation Protocol
- Lateral Epicondyle Debridement/Release Rehabilitation
- References
- SECTION vi. Sports-Specific Considerations
- 88. Baseball and Cricket
- Introduction/Background
- Sport Specifics
- Musculoskeletal Issues
- Medical Issues
- Injury Prevention
- Rehabilitation
- References
- 89. Basketball
- Introduction/Background
- Specific Issues
- Medical Issues
- Musculoskeletal Issues
- Event Coverage
- References
- 90. Boxing
- Introduction
- Levels of Participation
- Epidemiology
- Specific Rules
- Musculoskeletal Injuries
- Event Coverage
- References
- 91. Mixed Martial Arts
- Introduction
- Rules and Regulations
- Ringside Physician’s Role
- MMA Injuries
- References
- 92. Cheerleading
- Introduction
- Cheerleading-Specific Issues and Rules
- Physiology of Cheerleading
- Epidemiology of Injuries
- Mechanism
- Types of Injuries
- Head Injuries
- Catastrophic Injuries
- Risk Factors for Injury
- Summary
- References
- 93. Martial Arts
- Introduction
- Injury Patterns
- Martial Arts in Health and Medicine
- Rules and Regulations
- Events
- Role of the Ringside or Covering Event Physician
- Conclusion
- References
- 94. Extreme Sports
- Introduction
- Levels of Competition
- Epidemiology
- Events
- Event Coverage
- References
- 95. Rowing
- Introduction
- Fundamentals of Rowing
- Medical Issues
- Musculoskeletal Issues
- Event Coverage
- References
- 96. Cross-Country Skiing
- Introduction
- Biomechanics
- Competition
- Injury Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
- Common Medical Conditions
- Common Musculoskeletal Problems
- Lower Extremity
- Upper Extremity
- References
- 97. Fencing Injuries
- Introduction
- Disciplines and Participation
- Epidemiology of Injuries
- Equipment
- Physiology of Fencing
- Medical Issues
- Musculoskeletal Issues
- Injury Prevention
- Event Coverage
- References
- 98. Fishing
- Introduction
- Scope of Participation
- Competition
- Professional Fishing
- Common Injuries in Fishing
- Biomechanics
- Injuries Unique to Fishing
- Zoonoses
- Drowning
- Sun Exposure
- References
- 99. Cycling
- Introduction/Background
- Specific Issues
- Medical Issues
- Musculoskeletal Issues
- Event Coverage
- References
- 100. Dance and Performing Arts
- Introduction/Background
- Epidemiology
- Specific Issues
- Medical Issues
- Musculoskeletal Issues – Musicians
- Musculoskeletal Issues – Dance
- Challenges Specific to Sport
- References
- 101. Dive Medicine
- Introduction
- Specific Issues
- Common Medical Disorders and Diving
- Medical Disorders and Fitness to Dive
- Treatment
- References
- 102. Esports
- Introduction and Background
- Specific Issues
- Medical Issues
- Vision Issues
- Musculoskeletal Issues
- Event Coverage
- References
- 103. Equestrian Sports
- Introduction/Background
- Epidemiology
- Specific Issues
- Medical Issues
- Musculoskeletal Issues
- Event Coverage
- References
- 104. Ice Skating-Figure Skating, Speed Skating
- Introduction
- Speed Skating
- Figure Skating Disciplines
- Figure Skating Competition
- Equipment
- Skill Development
- Training
- Medical Considerations
- Musculoskeletal Considerations
- Future
- References
- 105. Football
- Introduction
- Musculoskeletal Injuries
- Spinal and Neurologic Injuries
- Sudden Death
- References
- 106. Golf
- Introduction
- Specific Issues
- Medical Issues
- Musculoskeletal Issues
- References
- 107. Gymnastics
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Events
- Rules and Equipment
- Risk Factors for Injury
- Injury Prevention
- Medical Issues
- Common and Unique Injury Types in Gymnasts
- Event Coverage
- Competition Logistics and Considerations
- Venue Considerations
- References
- 108. Ice Hockey
- Introduction
- Equipment
- Physiology of Ice Hockey
- Epidemiology of Injuries
- Injuries by Location
- Medical Illnesses
- Prevention
- References
- 109. Rock and Mountain Climbing
- Introduction
- Types of Climbing
- Epidemiology
- Equipment
- Training
- Injuries
- Injury Prevention
- Summary
- References
- 110. Lacrosse
- Introduction
- Background
- Epidemiology
- Injury Patterns and Medical Considerations
- References
- 111. Motor Sports
- Introduction
- Competition and Governance
- Epidemiology
- Athlete Equipment
- Vehicle and Motorcycle Safety Features
- Circuit Safety
- Athlete Performance and Physiology
- Motorsport Injuries
- Musculoskeletal Issues
- Medical Considerations in Motorsport
- References
- 112. Rugby
- Introduction
- History
- Match
- Positions
- Formations
- Equipment
- Injury Risk
- Epidemiology
- Injuries by Position
- Injury Prevention
- Event Coverage
- References
- 113. Running
- Epidemiology of Running Injuries
- Biomechanics of Running
- Common Running Injuries
- Plantar Fasciitis
- Practical Guidelines for Clinicians
- References
- 114. Alpine Skiing and Snowboarding
- Introduction/Background
- Epidemiology
- Biomechanics
- Medical Issues
- Musculoskeletal Issues
- Injury Prevention
- Summary
- References
- 115. Rodeo
- Introduction
- History
- Rodeo Sports Medicine
- Events and Rules
- Injuries and Epidemiology
- Event Preparation
- Injury Prevention
- Summary
- References
- 116. Shooting Sports
- Introduction
- Disciplines
- Equipment
- Physiology of Shooting/Physical Fitness Requirements
- Medical Issues
- Musculoskeletal Issues
- Injury Prevention and Training
- Psychological Factors
- Medications and Supplements
- Event Coverage
- References
- 117. Soccer
- Introduction
- Background
- Physical Demands
- Epidemiology
- Soccer Injury Characteristics
- Prevention
- References
- 118. Softball Injuries
- Introduction
- Rules and Regulations
- Injury Epidemiology
- Specific Injuries
- Injury Prevention
- Coverage Considerations
- References
- 119. Sailing
- Introduction
- Background
- Sailboats/Equipment
- Biomechanics
- Epidemiology
- Medical Issues
- Musculoskeletal Conditions
- Event Coverage
- References
- 120. Surfing
- Introduction
- Activity Profile
- Athlete Attributes
- Equipment
- Injury Epidemiology
- Specific Injuries
- Medical Issues
- Event Coverage
- References
- 121. Swimming
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Specific Issues
- Medical Issues
- Musculoskeletal Issues
- Event Coverage
- References
- 122. Tennis and Other Racquet Sports
- Tennis
- Squash
- Racquetball
- Badminton
- Pickleball
- Specific Considerations
- Injury Incidence
- Back Injuries
- Spondylolysis
- Abdominal Muscle Strains
- Shoulder
- Elbow
- Wrist
- Lower Extremity Injuries
- Knee
- Leg/Ankle/Foot
- Adolescent Tennis Injuries
- Summary
- References
- 123. Triathlon
- Introduction
- Disciplines
- Triathlon Verbiage
- Epidemiology
- Injury Considerations
- Predictors of Injury
- Medical Considerations
- Training Considerations
- Nutritional Considerations
- Competition Coverage Concerns
- Medical Considerations
- References
- 124. Volleyball
- Introduction
- Indoor Volleyball
- Beach Volleyball
- Lower Extremity
- Upper Extremity
- Other Injuries
- References
- 125. Water Polo Injuries
- Introduction
- History
- Required Equipment
- Game Play
- Injuries
- Upper Extremity Injuries
- Lower Extremity Injuries
- Spinal Injuries
- Environmental and Miscellaneous Injuries
- Coverage Considerations
- References
- 126. Weightlifting
- Introduction
- Basic Muscle Physiology
- Responses to Resistance Training
- Basic Weightlifting Programs
- Guidelines for Exercise Prescription
- Injury Patterns
- Medical Considerations
- References
- 127. Wrestling
- Introduction
- Wrestling Styles
- Definition of Terms
- Epidemiology
- Mechanism of Injury
- Head Injuries
- Ear Injuries
- Neck and Back Injuries
- Chest Injuries
- Shoulder and Elbow Injuries
- Extremity Injuries
- Knee Injuries
- Skin Infections
- Weighing In
- References
- SECTION vii. Special Populations
- 128. The Pediatric Athlete
- Epidemiology
- General Considerations
- Sport-Related Concussion in the Pediatric Athlete
- Fractures in the Pediatric Athlete
- Overuse Injuries
- Anatomic Variants
- The Osteochondroses
- Safety and Other Considerations
- References
- 129. The Geriatric Athlete
- Introduction
- The Older Athlete
- Physical and Physiologic Changes Related to Aging
- Physiologic and Functional Benefits of Exercise
- Age-Associated Reductions in Endurance Exercise Performance
- Preparticipation Screening of the Older Athlete
- General Exercise Prescription for the Older Runner
- Common Injuries Encountered in Older Athletes
- Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Nutrition
- Osteoporosis
- Fluid Replacement
- Temperature Regulation
- Joint Replacement
- Summary
- References
- 130. The Transgender Athlete
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Prevalence
- Medical Considerations
- Female Versus Male Sports Performance
- Transgender Sport Inclusion Policies
- Preparticipation Examination Considerations
- Therapeutic Use Exemptions
- Future Directions
- References
- 131. The Female Athlete
- Introduction
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Exercise in Pregnancy
- Osteoporosis
- Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
- Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport
- Conclusion
- References
- 132. The Athlete With Intellectual Disabilities
- Terminology
- Physiologic Considerations
- Preparticipation Evaluation
- Injury and Illness Patterns
- Down Syndrome
- Special Olympics
- Event Coverage
- Conclusion
- References
- 133. The Adaptive Athlete
- Introduction
- Preparticipation Assessment
- Injuries and Complications by Cause of Disability
- Wheelchair Use
- Limb Loss
- Spinal Cord Injury
- References
- 134. The Athlete With a Joint Arthroplasty
- Introduction
- Prevalence and Outcome
- Indications
- Wear of Total Joint Arthroplasties
- Joint Load and Moments During Sport Activities
- Recreation and Exercise
- Experience and Preoperative Activity Level of Patient
- Differences Between Joint Types
- Surgical Factors
- Making a Prudent Recommendation
- Conclusion
- References
- 135. The Athlete With Cancer
- Introduction
- Athletes Potentially at Increased Risk of Cancer
- Finding Cancer in Athletes
- Preparticipation Evaluation for the Athlete Participating With Cancer
- The Benefits of Exercise in the Cancer Patient
- Exercise for the Prevention of Cancer
- References
- 136. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Sports
- Pathophysiology
- Epidemiology
- Transmission and Testing (see Online Addendum Chapter 136, Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Sports)
- Treatment
- HIV and Exercise
- Prevention
- Ethical and Legal Implications
- Summary
- References
- Epidemiology
- Transmission
- Testing
- Treatment
- HIV and Exercise
- References
- Appendix A Editor and Contributors to ACSM’s Sports Medicine: A Comprehensive Review, First Edition.
- Index
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